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Methods & Results

The following is a detailed description of the primary methods used in my research, as well as a summary of the data I collected from those primary methods.

On a Video Call

01.

Interviews

Conducted with people of West Indian and either non- or lesser-educated backgrounds about their linguistic experiences in various spaces.

Questions

About

 

All interviews were conducted via Zoom, an online video and audio conferencing platform. Each interview began with the interviewee being told the purpose of the interview, which was to gain insight into their linguistic experiences in different environments. They were then asked the questions listed on the right. 

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The interviewee's responses were audio recorded and exported from the recording device to a secure, password-protected storage space. Cameras were not required for the Zoom interviews, and all participants opted for this audio-only mode.
 

No personal information was collected as part of the interview. Additionally, the files containing their responses were transferred to a secure storage location, and any local copies on the recording device were deleted.

  • What is your native language/creole/dialect?

  • Do you speak this variety all of the time?

    • If so, do you use it even with non-speakers?

    • If not, why? What prompts the transition from it?

  • Provide some similarities and differences between your speech and standard American English.

  • In certain settings, is your language ever "inappropriate" or inadequate? What are those settings?

  • How do you communicate with other speakers of your variety? What is it like talking to them?

  • Are there advantages to speaking differently (be it vocabulary, pronunciation, cadence, or a combination of the above) under certain circumstances?

    • Discuss at least one specific instance in which you have done so.

  • After defining code-switching for the interviewee, do you think the concept of code-switching is helpful and/or harmful to Caribbean language varieties?

02.

Surveys

Conducted with West Indian college students, focusing on their language use in academic versus non-academic settings.

Filling out a form

Questions

  • Do you ever code-switch at school? In what specific ways?

  • Is there a disconnect between who you are at home and who you are at school?

  • Does the way you speak, or even your ability to modify your speech, contribute to your academic success?

  • Are there particular entities (e.g., instructors, staff, or peers) that encourage you to conform linguistically?

  • Do you believe school attempts to standardize students' language?

  • Why might only standard English be considered appropriate or acceptable in academic contexts?

  • As a Caribbean individual, how does the pressure to speak standard English at school impact you?

About

 

Surveys were conducted using the Qualtrics digital survey platform. First, demographic information was collected—namely age, gender, major, educational institution, and language/identity relative to the West Indies. On the left are the extended response questions that were then asked.

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All responses were collected electronically through an online survey tool. Although participants provided demographic information, no personally identifiable information was requested, and their data was anonymized by the survey tool.

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The survey draws upon the format of the study analyzed by Christison & Krahnke (1986) as well as Brown's (2001) detailed instructions on how to effectively plan, design, implement, and analyze student language surveys.

Process Log Week 8​

Privacy and confidentiality were critical to my work. All participants, of which there were eight in total, were assigned a numerical ID. Any private information that may have been collected from a participant was destroyed upon completion of my project. These procedures for protecting human research participants were a product of my CITI training, which we completed halfway through the semester. After doing so, I wrote these responses for the Process Log Week 8. Given that the subjects of my research were members of a stigmatized population, I had to take an approach that minimized risk to them and maximized their trust in me (Barratt & Maddox, 2016).

None of the interviewees received any education beyond high school, so their anecdotes largely revolve around the workplace and their personal lives. Conversely, the surveyees are able to discuss their experiences with writing and speaking in various stages of academia.

Although their individual responses vary —tthe details of which will be explored on the next page—the participants are united in one respect: none of them use their variety, not even a hint of it, with non-speakers. While one might assume that this is to facilitate communication, the participants explain that the reasoning is more along the lines of being looked down upon for speaking it. They are not quite meeting the other person where they are linguistically; rather, they are averting any potential judgment by not using their native language. When interacting with strangers of a visibly different race, they immediately opt for standardized English, but if the other party turns out to be West Indian, they feel comfortable using their dialect. One respondent described this as "a breath of relief ... like turning on a switch, and you can't stop me talking once I start."

However, participants still exercise caution until the individual's ethnic background is confirmed, typically by a discernible accent or their initial use of English creole. This is another key point: Caribbean lects vary by country and culture but are fundamentally similar enough to be understood by all Caribbeans. For this reason, a Jamaican patois speaker can easily converse with an unfamiliar Bajan speaker. Keep this in mind as I analyze and discuss my primary research findings in the next section.

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